::: That You Want :::: August 2009

Saturday, August 29, 2009

Friday, August 28, 2009

Sunday, August 23, 2009

Saturday, August 22, 2009

1965 war Pakistan and India

War of 1965 Pakistan and India some Pictures

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Friday, August 21, 2009

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

Sunday, August 16, 2009

Money, in one form or another, has been used by man for centuries. At first it was mainly Gold or Silver coins. Goods were traded against other goods or against gold. So, the price of gold became a reference point. But as the trading of goods grew between nations, moving quantities of gold around places to settle payments of trade became cumbersome, risky and time consuming. Therefore, a system was sought by which the payment of trades could be settled in the seller’s local currency. But how much of buyer’s local currency should be equal to the seller’s local currency? The answer was simple. The strength of a country’s currency depended on the amount of gold reserves the country maintained. So, if country A’s gold reserves are double the gold reserves of country B, country A’s currency will be twice in value when exchanged with the currency of country B. This became to be known as The Gold Standard. Around 1880, The Gold Standard was accepted and used worldwide.
During the first WORLD WAR, in order to fulfill the enormous financing needs, paper money was created in quantities that far exceeded the gold reserves. The currencies lost their standard parities and caused a gross distortion in the country’s standing in terms of its foreign liabilities and assets.
After the end of the second WORLD WAR the western allied powers attempted to solve the problem at the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire in 1944. In the first three weeks of July 1944, delegates from 45 nations gathered at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The delegates met to discuss the postwar recovery of Europe as well as a number of monetary issues, such as unstable exchange rates and protectionist trade policies.
During the 1930s, many of the world’s major economies had unstable currency exchange rates. As well, many nations used restrictive trade policies. In the early 1940s, the United States and Great Britain developed proposals for the creation of new international financial institutions that would stabilize exchange rates and boost international trade. There was also a recognized need to organize a recovery of Europe in the hopes of avoiding the problems that arose after the First World War.
The delegates at Bretton Woods reached an agreement known as the Bretton Woods Agreement to establish a postwar international monetary system of convertible currencies, fixed exchange rates and free trade. To facilitate these objectives, the agreement created two international institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank). The intention was to provide economic aid for reconstruction of postwar Europe. An initial loan of $250 million to France in 1947 was the World Bank’s first act.
Under the Bretton Woods Exchange System, the currencies of participating nations could be converted into the US dollar at a fixed rate, and foreign central banks could convert the US dollar into gold at a fixed rate. In other words, the US dollar replaced the then dominant British Pound and the parities of the world’s leading currencies were pegged against the US Dollar.
The Bretton Woods Agreement was also aimed at preventing currency competition and promoting monetary co-operation among nations. Under the Bretton Woods system, the IMF member countries agreed to a system of exchange rates that could be adjusted within defined parities with the US dollar or, with the agreement of the IMF, changed to correct a fundamental disequilibrium in the balance of payments. The per value system remained in use from 1946 until the early 1970s.
The United States, under President Nixon, retaliated in 1971 by devaluing the dollar and forcing realignment of currencies with the dollar. The leading European economies tried to counter the US move by aligning their currencies in narrow band and then float collectively against the US dollar.
Fortunately, this currency war did not last long and by the first half of the 1970’s leading world economies gave up the fixed exchange rate system for good and floated their currencies in the open market. The idea was to let the market decide the value of a given currency based on the demand and supply of the currency and the economic health of the currency’s nation. This market is popularly known as the International Monetary Market or IMM. This IMM is not a single entity. It is the collection of all financial institutions that have any interest in foreign currencies, all over the world. Banks, Brokerages, Fund Managers, Government Central Banks and sometimes individuals, are just a few examples.
This is very much the present system of exchange of foreign currencies. Although the currency’s value is dependent on the market forces, the central banks still try to keep their currency in a predefined (and highly confidential) fluctuation band. They accomplish this by taking one or more of various steps.
The International Trade Organization that had been planned in the Bretton Woods Agreement could not be realized in the form initially envisaged - the US Congress would not endorse it. Instead, it was created later, in 1947, in the form of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which was signed by the US and 23 other countries including Canada. The GATT would later become known as the World Trade Organization. In recent years, the two international institutions created at Bretton Woods the World Bank and the IMF have faced a major challenge in helping debtor nations to get back on stable financial footing.

::: Forex :::

Introduction of the Forex

<<>>

The Forex market, established in 1971, was created when floating exchange rates began to materialize. The Forex market is not centralized, like in currency futures or stock markets. Trading occurs over computers and telephones at thousands of locations worldwide.
The Foreign Exchange market, commonly referred as FOREX, is where banks, investors and speculators exchange one currency to another. The largest foreign exchange activity retains the spot exchange (i.e.., immediate) between five major currencies: US Dollar, British Pound, Japanese Yen, Eurodollar and the Swiss Franc. It is also the largest financial market in the world. In comparison, the US stock market may trade $10 billion in one day, whereas the Forex market will trade up to $2 trillion in one single day. The Forex market is an opened 24 hours a day market where the primary market for currencies is the 24-hour Interbank market. This market follows the sun around the world, moving from the major banking centres of the United States to Australia and New Zealand to the Far East, to Europe and finally back to the Unites States.
Until now, professional traders from major international commercial and investment banks have dominated the FX market. Other market participants range from large multinational corporations, global money managers, registered dealers, international money brokers, and futures and options traders, to private speculators.
There are three main reasons to participate in the FX market. One is to facilitate an actual transaction, whereby international corporations convert profits made in foreign currencies into their domestic currency. Corporate treasurers and money managers also enter the FX market in order to hedge against unwanted exposure to future price movements in the currency market. The third and more popular reason is speculation for profit. In fact, today it is estimated that less than 5% of all trading on the FX market is actually facilitating a true commercial transaction.
The FX market is considered an Over The Counter (OTC) or ‘Interbank’ market, due to the fact that transactions are conducted between two counterparts over the telephone or via an electronic network. Trading is not centralized on an exchange, as with the stock and futures markets. A true 24-hour market, Forex trading begins each day in Sydney, and moves around the globe as the business day begins in each financial center, first to Tokyo, London, and New York. Unlike any other financial market, investors can respond to currency fluctuations caused by economic, social and political events at the time they occur - day or night.

Saturday, August 15, 2009

Technology

Technology

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Friday, August 14, 2009

:: Yoom-e-Pakistan :::

::: Jashn-e-Azadi Mubarik :::

::: 14 Agust Long Live Pakistan :::

Tuesday, August 11, 2009

::: Excel tips 15 :::

>> Opening a workbook at start up <<

If some of your users spend much of their day working in a specific workbook, you can teach them how to designate that workbook to open each time Excel launches. All they need to do is place the workbook (or a shortcut to the workbook) in the XLStart folder. This technique also works with network shortcuts.
You'll find the XLStart folder in the same place as the Excel program files—typically C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office. After placing the file or shortcut in the XLStart folder, the user can just restart Excel to see the file pop open automatically.

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>> Hiding duplicate records <<

One of the most common mistakes users make in preparing a report or sorting data is including redundant entries. For example, if a worksheet keeps a running tally of purchases made by Customer 1, there's no need to report cells other than the ones keeping the composite figures. A built-in filter in Excel will take care of this problem.
Follow these steps:
Choose Data | Filter | Advanced Filter.
Drag across the worksheet to select the lists containing duplicate entries.
Select Unique Records Only.
Click OK.
Excel will now hide any duplicate records in the selected range.

::: Excel tips 14 :::

>> Counting the days via cell subtraction <<

By default, Excel 97 adjusts the display of dates to friendly displays that users can identify. But behind the scenes, Excel still thinks in numbers. So finding the number of days between two days is as easy as simply subtracting one cell that contains a date, regardless of format, from another date-carrying cell.
For example, let's suppose a user has entered the date 2/20/2000 in cell A1 and 3/10/2000 in cell A2. The formula A2-A1 will return the result 19 (2000 was a leap year). Note: You must use the date that falls later in the calendar year as the first argument of the equation, or the equation will return an error.
By default, Excel will format the result of a formula in the same format as the source cells. So in our example, it reports that the difference between 2/20/2000 and 3/10/2000 is 1/19/1900. However, simply right-clicking the formula cell, selecting Format Cells, and selecting a Number format will fix this problem.

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>> Quickly shuffling toolbar buttons <<

Here's a quick tip you can pass on to your users who like to modify their Excel toolbars.
Instead of right-clicking a toolbar and selecting Customize to launch the Customize dialog box, they can simply press the [Alt] key and click and drag a button to any toolbar they want. Of course, both the source and target toolbars must be visible for this procedure to be effective.
One quick word of warning: This technique moves buttons, so they will no longer be on the default toolbar. If users want to copy a button to a new toolbar while retaining its position on the original one, they can hold down [Ctrl][Alt] while clicking and dragging the button.

::: Excel tips 13 :::

>> Catching data entry errors <<

It's a fact: Shared workbooks generate more errors than workbooks with only one owner. Here's one way to flag errors as they occur:
. Select all cells in which data will be entered.
. Go to Format | Conditional Formatting.
. In the Conditional Formatting dialog box, specify which cell values to flag.
. Click Format.
. In the Format Cells dialog box, click the Patterns tab and select a color to signal errors.
. Click OK.
Now, when someone enters an error, it will be flagged with your selected color.

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>> Quickly setting a print area <<

Your users probably waste a lot of time and paper sending entire worksheets to the printer when all they need is a printout of a few columns or rows. Teach them this quick trick to set specific print areas within the Print Preview mode:
. Select View | Page Break Preview.
. Select the cells you want to print.
. Right-click on the selection and choose Set Print Area from the shortcut menu.
. Click Print.

::: Excel tips 12 :::

>> Exceeding the 30-argument limit <<

Excel has a 30-argument limit for statistical functions. It's easy to get around, though, if you group some of your arguments within parentheses.
Instead of entering AVG(A1,A2,A3…,A33), you can enter AVG((A1,A2,A3)A4…,A33), and Excel will accept the grouped arguments as a single argument within the formula.

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>> Ask Mr. Excel <<

Excel power users and support pros: Check out MrExcel.com. Mr. Excel answers one reader's question per week, according to what piques his interest, often including full macros to be copied and put to use.
Because this is a side project for the site's operator, he can't answer every question submitted, but he has provided a message board for other Excel users to exchange information. Other site features include past week's tips, quick answers, book reviews, and the opportunity to find out whether you can answer the monthly challenge.
If you work extensively with Excel and Visual Basic, this may be the one resource you've been looking for.
http://www.mrexcel.com

::: Excel tips 11 :::

>> Faster access to worksheets <<

When working with large workbooks in which all of the worksheet tabs are not visible, your users may get frustrated with scrolling to find the sheet they need. Here's a really quick tip to pass on. Right-click on any of the tab-scrolling buttons (to the left of the sheet tabs) and a shortcut menu will pop up. You can then select the tab you want.

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>> Inserting the full file path in headers and footers <<

Excel 97 doesn't offer you the option of displaying the full file path in worksheet headers and footers. With a little basic VBA editing, you can add this functionality to users' systems.
. Go to Tools | Macro | Visual Basic Editor.
. Go to the View menu and select Code.
. Type the following:
Sub PathFooter()
ActiveSheet.PageSetup
LeftFooter=ActiveWorkbook
FullName
End sub
. Go to File | Close.
Return to your workbook and save the file. You can now run your macro by navigating to Macros and choosing the one named PathFooter.

::: Excel tips 10 :::

>> Recovering data with the SYLK format <<

If a user complains of being unable to save a workbook, the problem is usually user error. However, things do go wrong. If you've tried all the common sense remedies and the workbook does seem to be corrupted, you can try to revert to the old Symbolic Link (SYLK) format.
This approach will let your users recover most of their essential data by stripping away the more complex information that tends to be the source of corruption. Unfortunately, this trick won't help them get back any data, including charts and graphics, that wasn't supported back in the days of Excel 2.0.
. Follow these easy steps in Excel :
. Open the file that appears to be corrupted.
. Select Save As from the File menu.
. In the Save As Type list, select SYLK (Symbolic Link).
. Click Save.
. Click OK in the warning dialog box that appears when you save in SYLK format.
. Close the file.
. Click No to move on past the warning that the file you are closing is not in the normal Microsoft Excel format. (Clicking Yes will resave the file in the normal Microsoft Excel format.)
. Select Open from the File menu.
. Select All Files (*.*) in the Files Of Type drop-down list.
. Select the SYLK file you saved in step 3 and click Open.
. Select Save As from the File menu.
. Select Microsoft Excel Workbook (*.xls) in the Save As Type drop-down list.
. Click Save.
For additional information, check out Microsoft Knowledge Base article 45557:
http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/ARTICLES/Q45/5/57.asp

::: Excel tips 9 :::

>> Printing formulas <<

If your users have invested time in writing numerous formulas, they may want to print them for safekeeping. Although Excel doesn't include a simple "Print Formulas" button, functionality is built in. Here's how to find it:
. Go to the Tools menu.
. Click Options.
. Within the section called Window Options on the View tab, select Formulas.
. Click OK.
There is also a keyboard shortcut for this function. Press [Ctrl]~. In both cases, the result is that the formulas, rather than their results, will appear in the worksheet.

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>> Shifting a scatter chart's axis <<

In most cases, Excel's default behavior of making the x-axis and y-axis of scatter charts intersect at 0 is desirable. But sometimes, your users may want to change that intersection point. An obvious example is when a user needs to highlight just a selected number of years of data but doesn't want to create an entirely new chart.
To reset an axis, follow these steps:
. Activate the chart for editing.
. Click to select the axis you want to modify.
. Choose Selected Axis from the Format menu.
. Select the Scale tab.
. Type a number in the Value (X or Y) Axis Crosses At text box.
. Click OK.

::: Excel tips 8 :::

>> Update for Excel 2000 text export <<

Microsoft has released a patch that fixes a formatting problem when exporting Excel 2000 files to .txt documents. On machines running a Microsoft OS earlier than Windows 2000, four-digit year entries are automatically truncated to two-digit entries, regardless of formatting applied within Excel.
This behavior occurs only when users employ a macro or procedure to export to a text file, not during manual saves to a text file format. If your users are using Visual Basic for Applications to export files to .txt, .prn, .csv, or .dif formats (and you are using a pre-Windows 2000 OS), you need to install an update released by Microsoft. For more information, read the Microsoft Knowledge Base article 247796, XL2000: Programmatically Exporting Text File Truncates Dates:
http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q247/7/96.asp

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>> Creating a workspace in Excel <<

Often, your users will be working with several workbooks at a time. They will be happy to know that they can arrange the workbooks, save them as a workspace, and then open everything at once in the viewing configuration they prefer. Here's how:
. With all the workbooks in the preferred positions, go to the File menu.
. Choose Save Workspace.
. Type a name for the file.
. Click Save.
The next time your users want to work with those workbooks, they can go to File | Open and select their workspace.

Monday, August 10, 2009

>> My Friends <<

________________________________________________________________

::: Excel tips 7 :::

>> A macro that pulls source data from charts <<

When building charts in Excel 97, many users reference information in other workbooks to keep spreadsheets fairly streamlined. But what do you do if a user complains that the data source has become corrupted or that the file is no longer available in the network?
It's a little bit of a headache to read, but Knowledge Base article 137016 includes the full contents of a macro that can strip important data from the graphic elements of a chart.
http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/ARTICLES/Q137/0/16.asp
After creating the simple VBA macro, you only need to run it and drop the information into a worksheet called Chart Data. Don't go volunteering this information to all of your users, but if a VP loses an important sales worksheet, you can pull out this nifty power trick and save the day.

::: Excel tips 6 :::

>> Copying styles between workbooks <<

Creating formatting styles is a real time saving trick for users. So why should they waste time re-creating these styles in multiple workbooks? If they have formatted a workbook in a particularly useful way and want to continue to use the format in other workbooks, teach them how to copy the style from one workbook to another:
. Open the source workbook and the destination workbook.
. Make sure that the destination workbook is active, go to the Format menu, and choose Style.
. Click the Merge button.
. Within the Merge Styles dialog box, select the source workbook from the Merge Styles From list box.
. Click OK.

::: Excel tips 5 :::

>> Opening multiple windows <<

One of the most frustrating problems for Excel users is viewing all the information they need, especially because it often lives in different worksheets. Let your users know about this simple way to view multiple sheets, and they'll love you forever.
. Click on the tab of the worksheet you want to view.
. Choose New Window from the Window menu.
. Repeat this process for each of the worksheets you want to display. (Excel opens each sheet in a window that sits on top of the previous one.)
. To see them all at one time, choose Arrange from the Window menu.
. Select Tiled, Horizontal, or Vertical.
. Select the Windows Of Active Workbook check box.
. Click OK.

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>> Creating custom lists <<

Here's another timesaving tip to pass on to your users. If they often make use of the same lists of data, you can teach them to create a custom list instead of typing the same information repeatedly.
For all versions of Excel, if the data is already in a worksheet, follow these steps:
. Select all of the cells containing the information you want to copy.
. Select Options from the Tools menu.
. Click the Custom Lists tab.
. Click Import.
If you want to create a list from scratch in Excel 97, follow these steps:
Go to the Tools menu and choose Custom Lists.
. Click in the List Entries box.
. Type each item for your list, pressing [Enter] after each item.
. When you're finished, click OK to create the list.
To create a list from scratch in Excel 2000/XP, follow these steps:
. Select Options from the Tools menu.
. Click the Custom Lists tab.
. Type each item in the List Entries box, pressing [Enter] after each one.
. Click Add.
To use a custom list, type the first entry of the list. Use the fill handle at the bottom right corner of the cell to drag the whole list across adjacent cells.

::: Excel tips 4 :::

>> User-level prevention is a magic cure <<

Every support pro knows that most of their problems could be avoided if their users would just follow a few simple, common sense precautions. If you keep getting calls on corrupted Excel documents, pass around this list of Microsoft-endorsed tips to help users keep their data safe and make your days a little less stressful:
. Move radios, fax machines, televisions, stereos, speakers, and other sources of electromagnetic radiation away from computers.
. If your users are still using floppies, make sure they are not putting them on top of their monitors.
. Regularly run Norton AntiVirus or another utility to scan for viruses.
. Store floppy disks in a disk storage container.
. Don't be a slob—prevent dust from building up around your computer.
. And, most important, exit Windows before restarting or shutting down a client system.

::: Excel tips 3 :::

>> Detect And Repair <<

Microsoft Office 2000 programs, including Excel, contain a command line called Detect And Repair, which checks and fixes problems with Office program files, DLLs, and registry settings. (This utility does not affect worksheets or other document files.)
Detect And Repair, which you access as a command line option of the Setup utility, performs the following actions:
. Reinstalls Office .exe and .dll files if missing, out-of-date, or corrupt
. Reinstalls all Windows Installer shortcuts, overwriting any existing shortcuts
. Rewrites all required local machine registry values
. Rewrites all required user registry values
You can run Detect And Repair from within Office, but that won't do much good if a serious error is preventing your user from even launching an Office application. Fortunately, you can run the utility from the Run dialog box with the following entry:
drive:\setup.exe /focums install.msi

::: Excel tips 2 :::

>> Open Web pages right in Excel <<

If your users need to analyze data found on a Web site, they might be in for a bunch of tedious retyping. Under the right circumstances, however, Excel 97 can save them a lot of time by letting them open an HTML page in Excel directly from the Web.
The procedure is just a slight modification of the standard file-opening procedure:
4- Choose Open from the File menu.
5- In the File Name text box, type the URL of the Web file to open. Note: Be sure to include the prefix http://.
6- From the Files Of Type drop-down list, select HTML Documents (*.html, *.htm).
7- Click Open.

Excel opens HTML pages based on the HTML table structure of the page, so some Web design treatments may lead to some weird results in Excel. For pages that cleanly present data in a table format, however, this approach can be a real time-saver.

Sunday, August 9, 2009

::: Excel tips 1 :::

>>> Excel tips 1 <<<

You can save a lot of time and effort working with Excel if you know a few tricks and shortcuts.

>> Easy data-posting to the Web <<

If your organization is using an intranet to share public data—and whose organization isn't these days—your users will want an easy way to post this information. Excel 97 offers an easy, wizard-driven system to walk even the most apprehensive users through this process:
1- Select the cell range that contains the data to be published.
2- Select Save As HTML from the File menu.
3- Answer the questions posed by the Internet Assistant Wizard.
The wizard walks users through four steps that define how information will be converted for Web display. Various options include:
. Inserting the resulting HTML tables into an existing HTML page or creating an entirely new page.
. Specifying formatting options, such as rules between data.
. Saving the new HTML page as a freestanding file or inserting it directly into a FrontPage Web.

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